Mortality and Immortality - Literature Essay Samples

New York Society, in Edith Whartons Age of Innocence (1920), is paradoxically immortal and mortal. Like the Olympic pantheon of mythological Greek antiquity, New York Society cavorts and carouses, bickers and condemns while it feasts on ambrosia and canvas-backs. Newland Archers sister is the gossipy Cassandra; his wife is the huntress Diana. And he, by all instances of the society around him, should be Dianas archer twin: Apollo. He, too, should be immortal, that is, like a god, a deity, never aging, perfect, alive although dead, icy, condemning and aloof. Surprisingly for Newland and the expectations of his society, after meeting Ellen Olenska he recognizes through the contrast between her and New York that he, like her, is different from the others in New Yorks pantheon. He, too, is mortal, that is, human, aging, imperfect, feeling, compassionate and warm. Once Catherine, the great matriarch of the pantheon, is able to fall from immortality and become a mortal, there is a po ssibility for Archer to leave the pantheon and live a mortal existence himself. But despite his realization of this possibility, Newland never leaves the pantheon to take on a mortal existence. His inability to freely act on his desires casts the icy perfection of immortality in a new light: immortality becomes a form of paralysis. He, ironically, is trapped in his immortality like a soul in a statue. Through the dichotomous metaphor of immortality and mortality, Wharton is able to cast New York and her hero (or perhaps, more precisely, anti-hero) Newland Archer as paradoxically god-like yet paralyzed.When Wharton first describes the characters of New York society, they are always conceived of as immortal in some way. Beginning with Catherine Mingott, her immense accretion of flesh rewarded her by presenting to her mirror an almost unwrinkled expanse of firm pink and white flesh. So, Catherine, despite her very old age, manages to escape wrinkles. She is not alone in escape agi ng, a sign of her immortality. For example, Mrs. van der Luydens portrait by Huntington is still a perfect likeness though twenty years had elapsed since its execution. Wharton further emphasizes this point: Indeed, Mrs. Van der Luyden . . . might have been the twin sister of the fair and still youngish woman drooping against a gilt armchair [in the painting] . . . In fact, Mrs. van der Luydens youth is so eerie that, She always, indeed, struck Newland Archer as having been rather gruesomely preserved in the airless atmosphere of a perfectly irreproachable existence, as bodies caught in glaciers keep for years a rosy life-in-death. Her husband, Mr. van der Luyden, also has the same quality of being alive but dead. His home is like a place for the living dead: As Archer rang the bell, the long tinker seemed to echo through a mausoleum; and the surprise of the butler who at length responded to the call was as great as though he had been summoned from his final sleep. Indeed, v an der Luydens home always, looms up grimly, even in the summer. In his grim state of being alive but dead he is a sort of immortal. His immortality is made even clearer when, later, Mr. van der Luyden is described as Ellens protecting deity. Everything about this ruling family of New York society seems to insist upon their life-in-death nature, or their immortality.Another member of the pantheon, May Welland, is also described as an immortal. When she first enters the Beauforts ballroom, in her dress of white and silver with a wreath of silver blossoms in her hair, she looked like a Diana just alighting from the chase. When Newland visits May in St. Augustine, May, walks beside Archer with her long swinging gait; her face wears the vacant serenity of a young marble athlete. In both instances, May is described as an immortal, something beyond human. She is described as being superhuman in Newlands mind for pledging to give him up if he truly loves someone else. Newland la ter tries to understand what makes her seem so immortal. He guesses that perhaps the faculty of unawareness was what gave her Š the look of representing a type rather than a person; as if she might have been chosen to pose for a Civic Virtue or a Greek Goddess. May is, in some sense, the most immortal of the immortals, since even on her honeymoon she is as icy and frozen as ever: She looked handsomer and more Diana-like than ever Š The inner glow of happiness shined through like a light under ice. Later, when May suggests that Ellen would be happier with her husband than in New York, Newland condemns her suggestion saying, Watching the contortions of the damned is supposed to be a favorite sport of the angels; but I believe even they dont think people happier in hell. Here he suggests that May is like an angel watching Ellen suffer. The archery tournament is the most vivid example of Mays godliness. When she comes out of the tent to the tournament, She has the same Dia na-like aloofness as when she had entered the Beaufort ballroom on the night of her engagement. Her nymph-like ease makes her stand out from the other participants. Also, she, like Mrs. van der Luyden is able to defy the aging process: In the interval not a thought seemed to have passed behind her eyes or a feeling through her heart; and though her husband knew that she had the capacity for both he marveled afresh at the way in which experience dropped away from her. As another attribute of her godliness, May never shows pain; her only wounds are imaginary: [Archer thinks] if May had spoken out her grievances (he suspected her of many) he might have laughed them away; but she was trained to conceal imaginary wounds under a Spartan smile. May is always young; she is always innocent and without visible pain. As final testimony to her ability to defy age, she dies quickly and mysteriously of pneumonia after she weans her second child. Ellens mortality stands out in stark contra st to Mays immortality. Ellen ages, cries and feels. Early in the novel, It was generally agreed that Ellen had lost her looks. Even Archer agrees that her early radiance is gone. The red cheeks have paled; she is thin, worn, a little older-looking than her age, which must have been nearly thirty. Her mortality is emphasized by the fact that she ages; and it is made even more apparent when compared to the cast of gods who never age. Further, Ellen is the only character (besides Newland) who cries . Her first sadness is revealed when she explains to Newland her frustration of the real loneliness, which is living among all these kind people who ask one to pretend. Her humanism and sympathy for others is also quite exceptional in her society of gods. Ned Winsett points out that Ellen bandaged and rescued his little boy: My little boy fell down chasing his kitten, and gave himself a nasty cut. She rushed in bareheaded, carrying him in her arms, with his knee all beautifully ba ndaged, and was so sympathetic and beautiful that my wife was too dazzled to ask her name. Ned, a mortal, is the first to recognize Ellens beauty. No one among the pantheon recognizes her beauty except Newland , of course, and Catherine after her stroke. Ellens aging, sympathy and humanism cast her as a mortal against the backdrop of immortal New York.Catherine is the only one among the gods of New York that seems to fall from immortality. In the beginning of the novel, she seems as immortal as the rest with her vast flesh keeping her skin smooth and pink and wrinkle-free, despite her old age. As if conscious of her position in the pantheon, Catherine has a grand mural of the Olympiad painted on her summer home. She also speaks like a god, condemning Ellen to her fate: And now its too late; her life is finished. She spoke with the cold-blooded complacency of the aged throwing earth into the grave of young hopes. Her ability to judge, condemn and bury alive is seen in her trea tment of Ellen and then later Mrs. Beaufort. But soon after her abandonment of Mrs. Beaufort, Catherine suffers a stroke. Unlike Mr. Welland whose sickness is a sham induced to protect the reputation of his bad doctor, Catherine is the first character in the novel to really become ill and almost die; in this sense, she is the first of the immortals to fall from godliness. Her body, which once never aged, now shows physical signs of deterioration. She looked paler with darker shadows in the folds and recesses of her obesity. Also, her temperament has changed from being the cold, callous goddess to a more understanding mortal woman. Wharton describes the change in Catherine: The growing remoteness of old age, though it had not diminished her curiosity about her neighbors, had blunted her never very lively compassion for their troubles; but, for the first time, she became absorbed in her own symptoms and began to take a sentimental interest in certain members of her family to whom she had hitherto been contemptuously indifferent. After her change, Catherines first impulse is to bring Ellen back home. Her focus has changed from purely godly concerns to human concerns.Although previously she had been the first to condemn her, to cut her off from her allowance when she refused to divorce, she suddenly identifies and sympathizes with Ellens plight. Something has changed in Catherine; she is now mortal. She invites Archer to her home, specifically denying May the invitation. Archer tells Catherine that she is handsome, but Catherine immediately uses the complement as a segue to champion her granddaughter. She says, Ah, but not as handsome as Ellen. She is the first of the gods of New York Society to see beauty in Ellen. She also resolutely decides that Ellen must stay with her and receive her allowance: The minute I laid eyes on her, I said: ÂÅ'You sweet bird, you! Shut you up in that cage again? Never!' A clearer indication of this change in her mortality is her own recognition of the change. Catherine says, She hadnt been here five minutes before Id have gone down on my knees to keep her  ­ if only, for the last twenty years, Id been able to see where the floor was! This statement is highly ironic because, of course, literally she has not been able to see the floor because of her extreme obesity. But on another level, she admits to being off the floor, not leveled in reality, on the ground and in a mortal existence. Through Catherine we realize that it is possible for someone to relinquish his place among the gods and choose a mortal existence. Despite the fact that Newland recognizes the possibility to shift from an immortal existence to a mortal existence, he remains in the pantheon. In the pantheon, Newland plays the role of Apollo. In Greek mythology Diana (called Artemis by the Greeks) and Apollo are the archer pair. Artemis and Apollo are the great twin archers in mythology; May makes clear, particularly to Ellen that she and Newland are the same in all feelings cementing the analogy between the mythological archers and the New York Archers. Janey, Newlands sister, is referred to as Cassandra-like. In Greek mythology, Cassandra is the gossipy lover of Apollo, thus, once again securing the analogy between Newland and Apollo. Apart from the godlike similarities , Newland also behaves as an immortal in other ways. For example, he, like the van der Luydens, often senses that he is alive but dead. In conversation with May, he thinks to himself, Ive caught my death already! I am dead. Ive been dead for months and months. In another scene, Wharton describes Newland as absent from life, as though her were dead. By being godlike like May and simultaneously alive-in-death like the van der Luydens, Archer is an immortal and fits in well in New Yorks pantheon.Despite his immortal characteristics, his mortality is starkly visible, particularly when he visits Ellen. Early on, Newland sees evidence of hi s mortality first in the literature that he reads. He first begins to feel trapped in his role when May and Mrs. Welland insists he go from family to family announcing his engagement. He feels like he is a wild animal cunningly trapped. He supposes that his readings from anthropology are forcing him to take such a coarse view. Further evidence of his mortality is in his agreement with Ellen. On their first meeting in her home, she tries to explain away the van der Luydens place in the pantheon. She suggests that they remain powerful and exclusive because they receive so seldomly; thus, she debases their immortality. Newland, laughed and sacrificed them. Newland is able, like Catherine, to become mortal and sacrifice his gods. But, he lacks the boldness to do it outside of Ellens company. With Ellen he is able to view New York as through the wrong end of a telescope. But once he steps outside her company, New York once again becomes vast and imminent and May the loveliest wo man in it. Newlands mortality is addressed more directly by the Marchioness Manson: in jest, she says while referring to Dr. Carver, How merciless he is to us weak mortals, Mr. Archer! Although the expression is clearly just humor, there is also the question of Archers mortality that is distinctly articulated. Not only does Newland recognize his mortality in the conversations he has with others, but he also sees it reflected in his studies of relics and of future inventions. Through a comparison with his readings, Newland comes to understand his society as a hieroglyphic world. Hieroglyphs are obscure symbols, but they are also very ancient. In this comparison, Newland shows an understanding that all the codes of his modern society will someday be as obscure and meaningless as hieroglyphs. He compares the simulated reluctance of Mays acceptance of the engagement as similar to the books of Primitive Man that people of advanced culture were beginning to read, where the savage b ride is dragged with shrieks from her parents tent. In comparing the rituals of the immortal society in which he lives with the barbaric and ancient traditions of the past, he understands that his society, too, will one day be gone. This acceptance is extremely mortal; the recognition of the near possible end to his pantheon shows that he is, at heart, not an immortal. The final meeting between Ellen and Newland in the museum highlights this sense of impending mortality that Ellen and Newland share but that the other immortals can not seem to grasp. Newland and Ellen begin their final conversation while staring at a relic from a society that may once have been as powerful and immortal as New York society. Ellen says, After a while nothing matters Š any more than these little things that used to be necessary and important to forgotten people, and now have to be guessed at under a magnifying glass and labeled: ÂÅ'Use unknown.' Ellen and Newland both realize that all the rule s and regulations that have forbidden their happiness will soon become relics just like the museum exhibit. In an earlier scene, the same sense of mortality is found by looking into the future rather than the past. Ellen and Newland speak lightly about the future of the telephone and the fantastic predictions of Jules Verne and Edgar Poe. They speak of the future and speak of the past, placing themselves in a transient age, and naming themselves as mortals that are born, grow old and die.Although he clearly possesses the characteristics of the mortals and immortals, Newland is unable to fall from immortality as Catherine did; he is unable to vocally champion and publicly love Ellen as Catherine is able to. Unlike Catherine, Newland never chooses to act against the rules of the immortal society. Instead he lives a life of pretend, upholding the rules of immortals while suffering as a mortal. His life of faà §ade is so convincing that people begin to call him a good citizen. He allows his true love, the only other mortal who had been included in the pantheon, to live alone, exiled. Meanwhile, his lack of boldness makes him miss the flower of life, the freedom that he, ironically, had always pictured himself as possessing. He can never freely choose the life he wishes to live. And, in this sense, his immortal life is more paralyzing than liberating. Ironically, it is the mortals who are free to live where they want to live and be who they want to be. The juxtaposition of mortality and immortality in Age of Innocence is the most informative tool that Wharton could have used to relate the true nature of the last pantheon in American history. Newland, in his struggle to confront his own mortality and then in his cowardice to deny it, is the most befitting narrator for a tale of such a society. He is simultaneously in the circle of gods, while also a mortal, rejecting and criticizing the lives that the others lead. His decision not to cheat on May an d not to abandon his unborn child is simultaneously a tribute to his understanding of immortality and mortality. He stays with her, partially because he is sheltered, protected and empowered by the pantheon. At the same time, he and Ellen agree that a life of infidelity would make him just like the others. A life of cavorting and carousing, like that of Larry Lefferts, would be a life of the cold immortals. So, in his decision to be forever faithful, his life is a tribute to the compassion of human mortality. In this sense, Wharton leaves the question of whether Newland is a mortal or an immortal open. He never seems to grow old, or age just as the immortals. At the same time, his compassion and fidelity are so unlike the characteristics of the others that he seems entirely distinct from them. Perhaps Wharton places Newland in the paradox position between mortality and immortality intentionally. After all, Newland, in his position of flux, has the gift of an insider perspecti ve while maintaining a critical eye. Simultaneously, he lacks the power to change and reconstruct his society in order to allow us, readers, to observe his entrapment in the marble mausoleum of New York society.

The Strain Theory of Understanding Juvenile Delinquency Essay

Across the nation, social scientists and criminologists have researched and hypothesized the main contributing factors that promote juvenile delinquency. The Strain/ Anomie theory introduced by Robert Merton and later revised by several other theorists, attempts to explain why juvenile subculture tend to behave certain ways when confronted with pressures from everyday life. Revised by other theorists, the Strain theory attempts to provide the framework of juvenile delinquency and its sources in order to analyze the effectiveness of this assumption, as well as to implement certain crime prevention policies and programs to curb this problem. This paper is going to analyze how the Strain theory contributes it’s principles of delinquency†¦show more content†¦The social structure of a society refers to the dispersal of opportunities for attaining success goals through socially adequate means. In the United States, these opportunities are not evenly distributed. As a response to these pressures, individuals are socialized into alternative modes of adjustments in which the individuals strained are looped into culturally acceptable patterns or adaptations in which they conform into. The first adjustment is conformity, in which the individual affected would accept conditions around them and continue to pursue their goals in a model behavior. This is because it is necessary for individuals to adhere to a normal standard of behavior as an example to others so that the stability of the society would be maintained. The next mode of adjustment conceptualized by Merton is innovation, in which is most commonly used by delinquents, in being that the individual continues to desire and attain successful goals, but would take full advantage of illegitimate resources. 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Advertising Campaign - Free Sample Solution

Questions: 1. Define the objectives of your advertising campaign.2.Outline how you will prepare the advertising budget.3.Explain How you will Develop a Schedule.4.Create two different advertisements for the new product. Evaluate your two advertisements. Which one suits your needs better? Why? Answers: 1. Specific In the framework of the existing study, Ahn and Lim (2012) asserted that the management of Bubs operating in the Australian market needs to conduct a lucrative design of the campaign that can lead the brand to attain its goal of the time-specific period. The management of the enterprise is planning to increase its revenue margin by 5% over the next eight months. Through the advertising campaign, Bubs is planning to tap on the majority of the parents expected mothers. According to James (2006), mothers that have been already purchasing the infant baby products have already generated loyalty towards the products of the existing enterprise. Hence, the Bubs is planning to tap on the pregnant women and generate a fresh base of the customers. Within the tenure of next five months, the brand is planning to expand its product reach amongst within the retailer shops to attain its depicted target. Measurable In the opinion of Kng (2008), an inference can be drawn that the objectives for the campaign require being measurable by the pre-agreed upon the standards. Therefore, the marketing unit of the specific organisation is planning to enhance the reach of its new products with a speculated time period. Within the tenure of the next eight months, the brand is planning to increase 5% of its revenue margin. Therefore, the expected margin can be attainable only when the distributors and the number of the wholesalers would be increased. Achievable The brand has taken several marketing initiatives to spread the product awareness amongst the women that are expecting babies within the next eight months. In the circumstance of the current subject, Nuttall et al. (2016) asserted that the design of the overall campaign requires being loud and catchy to grab the attention of the primary target customers. Since, the brand is planning to expand its distributors and the also formulating the strategies of penetrating into the territories that are already captured by the competitors. Thus, prior launching the product, the brand needs to create a buzz in the market, which would increase the excitement amongst the target customers. Masters et al. (2015) specified that before the conduction of the advertising campaign, the Bubs require initiating a test marketing approach before the target audience. Based on the feedbacks of the target audience Bubs can plan on the advertisement campaign of Yum Hum. Realistic Bubs is a well-established brand in the Australian market. As per the statement of Ellis (2010), the enterprise has already developed its loyal base of audience, which signifies the fact that the resource strength of the enterprise is comparatively stronger. Therefore, the brand has already managed to distribute its older products both the online and offline marketing channels. The success margin of its previous products has already provided a thorough knowledge of the brand regarding the methods that can easily push the new product in the market and help the enterprise to increase its revenue margin by 5% within the tenure of the next eight months. Time Bound The marketing measures like the traditional advertising platforms, PR (Public Relationship) portfolio, radio jingle, logo design and endorsement of the child specialist would be sufficient for the products to attain a success within the speculated time frame. Ferrell and Hartline (2010) determined that the brand is planning to increase its revenue margin by 5% over the period of next eight months, through the support of the new baby food products. The majority of the marketing actions are conducted under the ATL (Above The Line) platforms. Therefore, the chances of attaining the revenue margin with the speculated time frame. 2. Firstly, the design of the brand logo would be done. In the similar context, Kishore Kumar and Anand (2013) mentioned that the logo design is an essential part of the brand. It is highly significant for of the brands to design the logo that helps make a brand recall over the target customers. Therefore, the logo design tends to enact as the significance aspects in serving the above purpose. In the Australian market, a fresh logo design costs between the ranges of AU$ 600 to 1000 (Stokes et al. 2011). The design of the logo within the range of AU$ 600 is highly simple and generic. However, Bubs is planning to leave a significant impact in the Australian market with the new Yum Hum product. Therefore, formulating the logo with a premium theme and with the standardised colour combination aspects might cost the brand with the total budget of AU$ 900. Secondly, a considerable figure would be invested in the radio jingle (Ridout, 2009). For the specific purpose, the brand requires investing a total budget of AU$ 6000. In the initial period, the jingle requires being created by the jingle producers. Moreover, an audio message needs to be recorder by a voice modulator. For the above purpose, the brand requires investing a total amount of AU$ 3000 (Fraze et al. 2007). The management has planned to ring the jingle on two popular radio stations for two consecutive weeks, and later the frequency of the ad would be reduced and continued for the tenure of 2 months. For the above effort, Bubs require investing a figure of AU$ 3000. Therefore, the total budget for the radio jingle would be AU$ 6,000. Thirdly, the PR measures can be taken to market the campaign through the digital platforms. Moreover, the conduction of the campaign is planned to be done through the ATL channels. In the framework of the specific subject, Shim et al. (2011) asserted that the PR content would be developed in different channels like the traditional marketing channels and the online platforms. Therefore, for the particular action, the total investment would round up to the figure of AU$ 3,000. The professional content design can create a buzz amongst the target customers. Furthermore, besides the physicians prescription, the mothers also get inclined towards the verbal communication of the other prospects (Shah and DSouza, 2008). Therefore, a professional content development in the majority of the marketing platforms can push the new products into the viral promotion. Finally, the marketing manager of Bubs has planned to initiate a physician endorsement. Since, the mothers present a typical attitude towards the food products of the children; therefore, the involvement of the child specialist into the ad campaign would be highly beneficial. In the Australian market, the physician endorsement cost between the average range of AU$ 10,000 to 50,000. Therefore, the marketing unit has planned to involve the physician only for 10 seconds in the commercialised ad. For the specific involvement, Bubs would invest a budget of AU$ 35,000. Hence, the total budget for the advertisement campaign would be AU$ 44, 900 Campaign components Budget Logo design AU$ 900 Radio jingle AU$ 6,000 PR (Public Relationship) portfolio AU$ 3,000 Endorsement AU $35, 000 Total budget AU$44, 900 Table 1: Advertising budget (Source: Self-developed) 3. Commercial advertisements: The mothers that have infants stay back home for the first six months. According to Struthers and Wang (2016), the mothersbasically prefers to spend the leisure time by watching the daily soaps. Therefore, it would be a wise effort to display the ad in the commercialised channels. The ads would be placed for the 20 seconds in the channels. The ads would be displayed in the afternoon and the evening viewing hours. In the afternoon time, the mothers have the tendency of watching television for maximum two consecutive hours. Thus, the timing would be from 1 pm 3 pm. The evening time the t6arget audience prefer spending the maximum time in the commercialised channels, thus, at least the ad would be displayed for 4 hours. The display time would be between 7 pm 11 pm. Radio jingle: The radio jingle is designed specifically for both the mothers and fathers. The mothers' tuning time into the radio is highly freckle (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010). Therefore, it would be a complex action for the marketing unit of Bubs to place the jingle by figuring out the time when the mothers turn on the radio stations. According to Fraze et al. (2007), the Nova 919 and Hot Country FM 89.3 are the best-rated radio stations in Australia. Therefore, the marketing manager of the specific brand has planned to promote the jingle in the particular stations. Since figuring out the radio turning times of the mothers is difficult. Therefore, Bubs would be targeting on the fathers. The jingle would be tuned during the evening time when the business people return the home. The survey conducted by the previous researchers reflects that the majority of the business class prefer to listen to the radio stations while returning from office. Therefore, the jingle would be a 30 second s composition, which would be tuned between 7 pm 9 pm. Digital platforms: The PR content would be developed after every two weeks intervals. The social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter would be the primary choice for the display of the ad campaign. The traffic of Facebook is greater than Twitter, therefore, initially the ad in the specific platform would be displayed after two consecutive days. After which the tenure would increase to 4 days and then twice in a week. In the Twitter, the marketing unit would be persistent in twitting the ad for once in a week. Moreover, the e-commerce sites that already make the B2C (Business to Customer) transaction would be approached by the brand to display the pop-up ads. 4. The advertisements are designed influentially to attract the target groups. As per the opinion of Postellon (2008), it is crucial to make a campaign more compelling, for which a proper identification of the target group is necessary. This step helps any organisation to achieve a systematic approach of penetration. There is a need to inform the target groups about the product. So a tricky advertisement has to be prepared to influence the audiences (Masters et al. 2015). To create an impact on the company two themes of advertisement are made. The first publication includes a female model who is promoting the product, where the uses are mentioned so that the utility can be inferred. In the second case, the advertisement shows that a mother is visiting a doctor's clinic to get information about a suitable food product for the baby. The doctor suggests the mother to use the Yum Hum regularly, which helps the baby to grow healthily. The contact numbers would also be included for a furth er gathering of information. After a careful evaluation of the two advertisements, it is inferred that the second one is much better than the first one. The reason behind this rationale is that in the second case, the mother is visiting a doctor's place which shows a systematic and clinical approach. The audiences would easily get fascinated by the suggestive nature of the advertisement by the physician. The parents found the product more authentic and safe for the kids. Modernisation has made the audiences smarter, enough to make a sharp judgement about the product as soon as the add comes into view. So conservative measures have to be undertaken so as to push the audiences to make an instant buying decision. According to the opinion of Zhang and Gao (2009), nowadays the focus is more concentrated on the value and quality, which is empowered by the doctor's statement in this case. Market penetration is viable with an advertisement, which would have a positive, informative and reasoned impact on the target audie nces (Shah and Dsouza, 2008). Furthermore, the campaign also includes a clear call-to-action i.e. "call us facility". Including a doctor in promotional activity attaches the relevancy, which is associated with an authority aspect. 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